Here’s a concise breakdown of foreign ownership of U.S. debt and the latest U.S. national debt status based on the provided information:

Who Holds the Most U.S. Debt?

The largest foreign holders of U.S. debt as of July 2024 are:

1. Japan – $1.15 trillion (13.4% of foreign-held debt)
2. China – $776.5 billion (9.3% of foreign-held debt)
3. United Kingdom – $728.3 billion (8.7% of foreign-held debt)
4. Luxembourg – $399.9 billion (4.8% of foreign-held debt)
5. Cayman Islands – $378.1 billion (4.5% of foreign-held debt)

Why Does the U.S. Incur Debt?

The U.S. borrows by issuing Treasury securities to cover the gap between its revenues (tax income) and spending on things like defense, welfare programs, and infrastructure.

• Total U.S. national debt: $35.68 trillion (as of October 10, 2024)
• Roughly 80% of the national debt is public debt (held by investors and foreign countries).
• The remaining 20% is intragovernmental debt (money owed within U.S. agencies, like Social Security and Medicare funds).

Breakdown of U.S. Debt Types

1. Public Debt:
   • Held by foreign governments, U.S. banks, investors, pension funds, and the Federal Reserve.
2. Intragovernmental Debt:
   • Debt the government owes to federal programs, such as Social Security or retirement funds.

Why Do Countries Hold U.S. Debt?

• Japan and China invest in U.S. Treasury securities because they are safe, liquid assets.
• China benefits from holding U.S. debt as it strengthens the dollar, making Chinese exports cheaper and more competitive globally.
• Luxembourg and the Cayman Islands are known as tax havens, where wealth is channeled into various investments, including U.S. debt.

Debt Ceiling and Increases

The U.S. Congress sets a debt ceiling to control the amount of debt the government can take on.

• In December 2021, the ceiling was raised to $31.4 trillion.
• In June 2023, the ceiling was suspended until 2025 to avoid default as debt exceeded the limit.

The Bottom Line

• The national debt continues to rise because government spending exceeds revenue.
• Countries like Japan and China hold U.S. debt to stabilize their economies through secure investments.
• Despite growing concerns, U.S. Treasury securities remain some of the safest assets globally due to their stability and the dominance of the U.S. dollar in international trade.

This snapshot provides a comprehensive look at U.S. debt ownership and the key factors driving the national debt’s growth.